'In the autumn of 1888, the attention of the "classes" as well as the "masses" was riveted on a series of brutal murders of prostitutes residing in lodging houses in the Whitchapel area of East London.58 Public response to the murders was widespread and diverse, but the people who mobilized over the murders were almost exclusively male. An army of west End men, fascinated by the murders and bent on hunting the Ripper, invaded the East End.59 Meanswhile, a half-dozen male vigilance committees were set up in Whitechapel-by Toynbee Hall, by the Jewish community, by the radical and socialist workingmen’s clubs.60 These male patrols were organized to protect women, but they also constituted surveillance of the unrespectable poor, and if low-life women in particular. They were explicitly modeled on existing purity organizations already active in the area that had helped to close down two hundred brothels in the East End in the year before the Ripper murders.61 As we have seen, the message of social purity to men was mixed: it demanded that men control heir own sexuality, but it gave them power to control women’s sexuality as well, since it called don them to respect their women and to repress brothels and streetwalker.These generalizations are borne out by the Ripper episode, when men ostensibly out to hunt the Ripper often harassed women on the streets; husbands threatened wives with "ripping" them up in their homes; and little boys in working-class Poplar and suburban Tunbridge Wells itimidated and tormented girls by playing at Jack the Ripper. 62 Female vulnerability extended well beyond the "danger zone" of Whitechapel: throughout London respectable women, afraid to venture out along at night, were effectively placed under "house arrest" and made dependent on male protection. Despite the public outcry against the "male monster" who "stalks the streets of London"63 in search of fallen women, public attention inevitably reverted to the degraded conditions of the Whitechapel victims themselves. "The degraded and depraved lives of the women," observed Canon Barnett of Toynbee Hall in the Times, were more "appalling then the actual murders." 64 Men like Barnett finally manipulated public opinion and consolidated it behind closing down lodging houses where the murdered victims once lived and replacing them with artisan dwellings. Through the surveillance of vigilance committees the murders helped to intensify repressive activities committees the murders helped to intensify repressive activities already underway in the whitehapel area and to hasten the reorganization of prostitution in the East End.65During the Ripper manhunt, feminists were unable to mobilize any counteroffensive against widespread male intimidation of women. Josephine Butler and others did express concern that the uproar over the murders would lead to the repression of brothels and to subsequent homelessness of women; but these were isolated interventions in an overwhelmingly male-dominated debate.'Casebook: Jack the Ripper - Message Boards: Toynbee Hall, Whitechapel
Desire
THE POLITICS OF SEXUALITY
Edited by:
Ann Snitow, Christine Stansell, and Sharon Thompson
Preface to the British Edition Rosalind Coward
Published by :
VIRAGO Press Limited 1984
41 William IV Street, London WC 2N 4 DB'
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